Bibliografia sobre Isaias
Visite An Isaiah Bibliography e vá para as 27 páginas do arquivo isaiah_bibliography.pdf
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Briefly, for readers unfamiliar with the "Low Chronology" debate, archaeologist Israel Finkelstein has suggested, among other things, that strata at many archaeological sites in the Middle East originally dated to the 10th century BCE should be "lowered" to the 9th century BCE. This may seem an innocuous adjustment in dates, but in fact it wreaks absolute havoc with the idea that the bible has any but the most minimal historical validity. It pretty much removes the epoch of David and Solomon from historical consideration, at least as it is represented in the biblical texts. As such it is one of the issues at the heart of the minimalist/maximalist debate in bibical...ah, excuse me, Syro-Palestinian archaeology.
I was struck more with Finkelstein's focus on explaining the archaeology of the region in the context of issues more familiar to me as a research archaeologist: population increase, adaptation, migration and population displacement, environmental context, etc. Finkelstein is an archaeologist whom I expect would feel comfortable in the realm of hunter-gatherer archaeology. I think he ultimately gets what archaeology is all about: understanding past human behavior. More to the point, I think he does what a good archaeologist should: he puts the archaeology ahead of the history as the primary source of explanatory power. And I get the feeling that his critics are ultimately more concerned with the methodological and theoretical approach he uses, than with the archaeological validation of the Low Chronology, per se.
What Finkelstein does differently from his critics, is to approach archaeological interpretation of the region on basis of, well...the archaeology. His hypothesis testing is based upon questions of understanding past human behavior in the context of the material culture left behind by extinct human populations, without the theoretical crutch of assuming historic texts have already captured those behaviors and events. Textual evidence is at best a secondary source of information, another interpretive tool in the archaeologist's box, if you will. It may come in handy some time down the
road...after the chronology has been worked out...after the subsistence and settlement patterns have been worked out...after some questions of culture change have been addressed. Now in actual practice we archaeologists tend to run all those together...no one is going to wait for the perfect chronology before developing explanations of culture change; what I am referring to is how you approach the archaeological record from the very beginning.
I have always been curious about the criticism leveled at Finkelstein that he "selectively" uses biblical text to support his contentions. But this is exactly the level of interpretive power expected by historical texts - the written record of the human past is plagued with error, perspective, limited vantage, experience (or lack thereof), political and economic motivation, and outright deception. The range of interpretive "help" provided by historical texts will range from absolutely zero to some textual fragments that may be very useful; with a whole lot of text of dubious quality either way. I would expect only "selected" text to be of any value in interpreting the archaeological record. In fact, I would argue that the archaeological record provides greater benefit at the interpretation of historical text than the other way around. This is ultimately the crux of biblical minimalism: Finkelstein is using the archaeology to interpret biblical texts; not the biblical texts to interpret the archaeology. I think this is the appropriate way to approach archaeological research in regions and time periods where historical documentation is also available. If my understanding of the minimalist/maximalist debate is even remotely correct in this regard, I must obviously count myself among the minimalists.
I am nonetheless suspicious of Finkelstein's critics, largely because most of them seem to give biblical texts far greater interpretive weight than is justified, at least relative to the actual archaeology. This is not to say that I think all of them are raving biblical literalists, chomping at the bit to use archaeology to "prove the bible". Some simply see greater interpretive value in historical texts (be they biblical or any other) and reflect this perspective in their archaeological work. I've got no issue with this (other than it is not a methodological approach I would favor - I think it puts the "interpretive" cart before the "data" horse) - for those conducting responsible archaeology, it is simply another approach that ultimately can be tested with additional archaeological data. However, I have a growing concern with the ethical framework in which some Syro-Palestinian archaeological projects are being conducted, and this has to do with many of Finkelstein's critics for whom biblical texts are not simply invoked as a valid interpretive tool, but are viewed a priori as historically accurate. I think this is a serious integrity issue for the future of archaeological research in the region.
The Gezer excavations are being led by someone whose sole purpose at doing archaeological work is to "affirm bible history", leading me to have serious reservations about the integrity of the archaeological work being conducted there. I am particularly distressed in hearing discussions of Ortiz's work under the title of "Archaeology As Apologetics". This is a completely asinine description of the real goals of archaeological research - and it completely devastates any authority archaeology may have to tell us about the past. How much evidence at Gezer that doesn't confirm Ortiz's preconceived notions of biblical history will see the light of day?
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...L’archéologie biblique est devenue un champ de mines en passe de faire exploser toutes nos représentations traditionnelles, et notre lecture de la Bible. Le grand archéologue Israël Finkelstein avait tenu, dans La Bible dévoilée, à décrypter pour nous les découvertes les plus récentes qui bouleversaient notre connaissance des origines de la Bible. Avec Les rois sacrés de la Bible, il s’attaque à présent à la légende royale et messianique de David et Salomon qui s’est répandue dans l’ensemble du monde occidental. La Bible célèbre David et son fils Salomon sous les traits de valeureux guerriers et conquérants, d’amants légendaires, de poètes visionnaires, de bâtisseurs pionniers et de modèles de gouvernance et d’autorité politique… Mais les dernières découvertes archéologiques ébranlent notre représentation traditionnelle. Nous avons la preuve, à présent, que leur histoire relève davantage du mythe et de la légende. Selon Finkelstein et Silberman, le David de l’histoire, au Xe siècle avant notre ère, n’était que le chef de bande d’une petite localité appelée Jérusalem. Ce n’est qu’à partir de la fin du VIIIe siècle que leur légende prit de l’ampleur. On apprend que Goliath pourrait avoir été un mercenaire grec, que Salomon n’a probablement pas construit le célèbre Temple de Jérusalem… La légende de ces rois mythiques naît dans un monde tiraillé entre les nationalismes conflictuels et un empire mondialisé en pleine effervescence. David et Salomon deviendront alors des messies, des symboles d’espoir non seulement pour le judaïsme mais également pour le christianisme et toute l’histoire religieuse et politique de l’Occident. Voici un livre qui fera date, lucide et documenté, écrit par deux sommités de l’histoire et de l’archéologie bibliques.
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Tendencias del malware para el 2007
Autores
Ignacio Sbampato, Vicepresidente de ESET para Latinoamérica
Lic. Cristian Borghello, Technical & Educational Manager de ESET para Latinoamérica
... Los últimos dos años no han sido especialmente novedosos en cuestión de programas dañinos y a menos que algo significativamente importante cambie las bases actuales, todo hace pensar que esta situación se mantendrá: más spam transportando más gusanos y troyanos, más aprovechamiento de la Ingeniería Social y de las redes de intercambio de información, más botnets, más phishing perfeccionando las técnicas actuales, etc. La cantidad record de vulnerabilidades y bugs corregidos durante el 2006 se debe en gran parte a iniciativas privadas de descubrimiento de agujeros en las aplicaciones más conocidas, como los exploradores, los sistemas operativos y las herramientas ofimáticas. El aumento de vulnerabilidades 0-day, la irresponsabilidad con que se las maneja y la aparición cada vez más veloz de PoC (Pruebas de Concepto) y exploits para estos agujeros permiten la aparición "espontánea" de gran cantidad de malware debido a que los creadores de los mismos aprovechan las vulnerabilidades y su forma de explotación para aumentar la cantidad de sistemas infectados y por ende sus ganancias económicas. Esta tendencia ha llegado al tal punto de masificación entre los delincuentes, que actualmente, se venden vulnerabilidades y exploits que se descubren sobre cualquier tipo de sistema como el nuevo Windows Vista de Microsoft. Por otro lado, la parte social del problema comienza a hacerse relevante y muestra de ello es el aprovechamiento de las comunidades virtuales online, como mySpace, Second Life y juegos como World of Warcraft y Lineage. Este tipo de comunidades ya se han convertido en lanzadera para nuevos vectores de ataque (...)
A continuación veremos una breve reseña de otras amenazas que podrán verse en los meses sucesivos, muchas de las cuales ya son utilizadas actualmente:
- El poder de la distribución de la información ya ha comenzado a dar sus frutos y los creadores de malware no son ajenos a esta realidad. La explotación de la redes P2P para diseminar programas dañinos ya es ampliamente utilizada desde hace años, pero estas técnicas se perfeccionarán con la aplicación de engaños más reales, como es el caso del lanzamiento del "crack universal de Windows Vista" con un troyano.
- En el punto anterior notamos que la piratería y el uso de programas ilegales es una de las claves para la propagación de malware, sobre todo en países en donde la tasa de uso de programas ilegales es tan alta como en América Latina. Es fundamental que los usuarios finales y las corporaciones lo analicen y consideren alternativas de solución viables a corto plazo.
- El volumen de spam alcanzado parece no tener límites, y eso sucede gracias a las personas inescrupulosas que contratan los servicios de los spammers. La demanda es tal que estos últimos no dudan en usar todas las herramientas disponibles a su alcance para satisfacer las necesidades de sus clientes. Los gusanos y troyanos diseminados mediante spam tienen como objetivo crear grandes redes de sistemas infectados (botnets) para que los mismos sean utilizados para enviar más spam. De no encontrar una solución jurídico-técnica, puede ser uno de los problemas más graves con los que se ha encontrado Internet desde sus inicios.
- El perfeccionamiento de técnicas de phishing y vishing será un imperativo para los creadores de este tipo de engaños, pero más lo será la instalación masiva de troyanos bancarios que aprovechen técnicas de modificación de sitios webs, grabación de imágenes y vídeo para poder robar datos confidenciales.
- Seguirán prevaleciendo las técnicas de instalación de keylogers para robo de información que el usuario pueda teclear. A estos se suman el spyware y el adware (generalmente denominados PUP-Potencial Unwanted programs), los cuales seguirán abusando de la confianza del usuario para su instalación y posterior robo de información.
- La ya establecida técnica de ocultamiento y modificación de procesos del sistema (generalmente denominada rootkits) se perfeccionará y los programas dañinos comenzarán a aplicar estas técnicas masivamente para dificultar su detección y remoción (trecho extraído do Boletim VSantivirus No 2338 Año 11, viernes 5 de enero de 2007)
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O efeito estufa e o fenômeno climático conhecido como El Niño farão de 2007 o ano mais quente já registrado - com conseqüências para todo o planeta -, afirma o professor Phil Jones, diretor da Unidade de Pesquisa sobre Clima da Universidade de East Anglia, na Inglaterra. Segundo previsões de Jones, publicadas no jornal britânico "The Independent", o ano que acaba de começar será marcado por condições climáticas extremas em todo o mundo, que podem causar secas na Indonésia e inundações na Califórnia (EUA). Para o "Independent", essa advertência evidencia que 2007 será um ano crucial para determinar a resposta que o mundo dará ao aquecimento global e seus efeitos (...) O cientista americano Jim Hansen, que em 1988 alertou sobre as mudanças climáticas, diz que o aquecimento global pode ficar fora de controle e mudar totalmente o planeta, a menos que medidas sejam tomadas rapidamente para reverter o aumento das emissões de carbono. Também em entrevista ao "Independent", Hansen disse que a mudança climática pode aumentar o nível dos mares e causar a extinção de espécies. Sua opinião é compartilhada pelo assessor científico do governo britânico, David King (...) Essas opiniões coincidem com a advertência da Organização Mundial de Meteorologia, organismo da ONU que trata do clima no mundo todo (cont.)
A combination of global warming and the El Niño weather system is set to make 2007 the warmest year on record with far-reaching consequences for the planet, one of Britain's leading climate experts has warned. As the new year was ushered in with stormy conditions across the UK, the forecast for the next 12 months is of extreme global weather patterns which could bring drought to Indonesia and leave California under a deluge. The warning, from Professor Phil Jones, director of the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, was one of four sobering predictions from senior scientists and forecasters that 2007 will be a crucial year for determining the response to global warming and its effect on humanity. Professor Jones said the long-term trend of global warming - already blamed for bringing drought to the Horn of Africa and melting the Arctic ice shelf - is set to be exacerbated by the arrival of El Niño, the phenomenon caused by above-average sea temperatures in the Pacific. Combined, they are set to bring extreme conditions across the globe and make 2007 warmer than 1998, the hottest year on record. It is likely temperatures will also exceed 2006, which was declared in December the hottest in Britain since 1659 and the sixth warmest in global records (cont.)
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